When creating the UV Maps, I followed several tutorials and used different methods for each element of the model. Most were based on camera view (which turned out to be the most accurate method). Automatic view and circular view were also very helpful (albeit less accurate).
// Error: Unfold3D error: Invalid mesh input: One edge shares more than two polygons (non-manifold edge). //
I couldn’t fix Jess’s (corridor) model, since some UV Maps were not unfolding properly. The Cleanup tool didn’t work either. Instead, we hid issues in Unity and left them on the to-do list for the future. Unfolding broken walls didn’t work either, it looked best in automatic unpacking. Probably because it was an imported model.
Work process:
Delete old UV Maps>Create Automatic>Unfold>Layout>Check if UVs are looking good.
I had problems with Substance Painter at first because I had never used the program before. The main problems with the first model were:
- Mesh normals are invalid (some values are null) and will be recomputed.
- [BakingProcess] Can’t create a resource from the baker result: Internal error, null surface.
Mesh triangulation solved the baking problem. However, the overlapping UVs could only be read in Maya, not in Substance Painter or Unity, so I had to change them to UV tiles instead. Fortunately, SP can automatically unwrap UV Maps based on cut/unfolded maps, so I was able to just choose that option while preserving the quality of the model. I believe the invalid mesh normals were referring to the fountain frame, so I changed it to the old model (before fixing the non-manifold geometry) and it finally worked fine.
Ambient occlusion and normals were causing problems so I baked mesh maps without them. I think the issues were caused by the null surfaces (mesh normals are invalid) and since VR only needed diffuse and normal texture maps, I decided to ignore this issue to save some time. If I had more time, I would like to solve the problem properly.
We’ve encountered more texture issues in the final weeks. To get the puddled effect on the wall, I had to work more with the height map on the floor. I also worked on some additional models, such as a set of barriers.
UV Maps (after corrections):
General Meeting (10/03/23)
Meeting notes:
- Mainly discussing the final room/cell.
- Adding textures to the final room – green paint, trees, tree wallpapers, and textures from the internet to save time.
- Menu/interface in the last room.
- Buttons next to the door.
Exit Button Evacuation 3D Model (CG Trader): https://www.cgtrader.com/3d-models/interior/other/exit-button-evacuation
Exit Button Switch (Sketchfab): https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/exit-button-switch-b97fb8b1b8cc4b008877a0161d9ee26c
Ticket Barrier Set (Sketchfab): https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/ticket-barrier-set-c54f27db8cbb4da9928f24810426d449
Textures:
- Less rusty, less detail to avoid attracting the viewer to the walls. Lighter, less worn textures, more like the surface of the moon.
- Wall paintings, old wallpapers – it used to be not a shabby place.
- A large mural above the security entrance.
- Combine the waiting room with the corridor.
References:
UV Maps
Adobe Substance 3D (2020) Exporting textures for UV Tile (UDIMs) Projects. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2WG4BaNdrnQ (Accessed: 13 March 2023).
Adobe Substance 3D (2020) Creating a UV Tile (UDIMs) Substance Painter Project. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PJQpB_q4Yl0 (Accessed: 13 March 2023).
Automatic UV mapping. (2022) Available at: https://knowledge.autodesk.com/support/maya/learn-explore/caas/CloudHelp/cloudhelp/2022/ENU/Maya-Modeling/files/GUID-CD17C2C5-A442-4960-91DB-A2E5099EBF61-htm.html (Accessed: 13 March 2023).
CG DOJO (2019) Problem with UVs in Substance Painter. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HDugv1HShAA (Accessed: 13 March 2023).
Crafthive (2021) Master Maya UVs in Less than 5 Minutes. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nXI3V3jvUns (Accessed: 13 March 2023).
Cylindrical UV mapping. (2022) Available at: https://knowledge.autodesk.com/support/maya/learn-explore/caas/CloudHelp/cloudhelp/2022/ENU/Maya-Modeling/files/GUID-06864409-CC4C-4C40-B04D-6D5060A9FEF0-htm.html (Accessed: 13 March 2023).
FlippedNormals (2019) Texture Maps Explained – Essential for All Texture Artists. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZOHNRlrd1Ak (Accessed: 13 March 2023).
Mapping UVs. (2022) Available at: https://knowledge.autodesk.com/support/maya/learn-explore/caas/CloudHelp/cloudhelp/2022/ENU/Maya-Modeling/files/GUID-F5882F28-2430-4D17-9C30-77B0390727AE-htm.html (Accessed: 13 March 2023).
“Mesh Normals Invalid” when importing mesh. (2021) Available at: https://community.adobe.com/t5/substance-3d-painter-discussions/quot-mesh-normals-invalid-quot-when-importing-mesh/td-p/12490011 (Accessed: 13 March 2023).
On Mars 3D (2021) How to UV Map Complex Objects in Maya. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JiEQNDZapXs (Accessed: 13 March 2023).
On Mars 3D (2020) UV Map Anything in 5 Minutes with Maya. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t5Co6SuzoQw (Accessed: 13 March 2023).
Reverse polygon normals. (2022) Available at: https://knowledge.autodesk.com/support/maya/learn-explore/caas/CloudHelp/cloudhelp/2022/ENU/Maya-Modeling/files/GUID-17593923-D94D-4A8D-AE09-FA4E98FEA197-htm.html (Accessed: 13 March 2023).
Texture is not showing in Maya Viewport. (2021) Available at: https://knowledge.autodesk.com/support/maya/troubleshooting/caas/sfdcarticles/sfdcarticles/Texture-is-not-showing-in-the-viewport.html (Accessed: 13 March 2023).
Triangulating before baking. (2019) Available at: https://substance3d.adobe.com/documentation/bake/triangulating-before-baking-159451841.html#section2 (Accessed: 13 March 2023).
UV mapping tips. (2022) Available at: https://knowledge.autodesk.com/support/maya/learn-explore/caas/CloudHelp/cloudhelp/2022/ENU/Maya-Modeling/files/GUID-1CEF8A5B-1051-40F1-ACFE-F29AD066F56F-htm.html (Accessed: 13 March 2023).
Watch Make Art (2022) UV Unwrap Fast with Auto Seams in Maya Tutorial. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8-TMjuvzZEU (Accessed: 13 March 2023).
ZMan (2020) Displacement Height Map Substance Painter tutorial. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qNh5SLc0y98 (Accessed: 13 March 2023).
Substance Painter
Adobe Substance 3D (2021) Substance 3D Painter First Steps: 01 – Creating a Project, Materials & Masking. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mv6pg1O9vEQ (Accessed: 13 March 2023).
Adobe Substance 3D (2021) Substance 3D Painter First Steps: 02 – Painting Dirt & Stitching. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_wPuzlXjEfQ (Accessed: 13 March 2023).
Adobe Substance 3D (2021) Substance 3D Painter First Steps: 03 – Creating Custom Materials. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iBgVVr5gIww (Accessed: 13 March 2023).
Adobe Substance 3D (2022) Preparing Models for Substance 3D Painter in Maya. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gkx96GEextY&t=103s
Ambient Occlusion Painting. (2021) Available at: https://substance3d.adobe.com/documentation/spdoc/ambient-occlusion-painting-149291090.html (Accessed: 13 March 2023).
Error and Warning Messages. (2019) Available at: https://substance3d.adobe.com/documentation/bake/error-and-warning-messages-182256994.html (Accessed: 13 March 2023).
Isaac Oster (2020) Game Art Pipeline 27 – Fixing baking errors. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q1Xex9ePhWc (Accessed: 13 March 2023).
Isaac Oster (2020) Game Art Pipeline 28 – Fixing baking errors 02. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=biDJcSZA2J0 (Accessed: 13 March 2023).
JGS R&D (2020) Export Substance painter textures to Unreal and Unity made easy. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oAy3crD9bjQ (Accessed: 13 March 2023).
Outsorced assets
Megascan assets:
Rubble Pack (Quixel Megascans): https://quixel.com/megascans/home?category=3D%20asset&category=industrial&assetId=tj4mcccla
Concrete Rubble Pile (Quixel Megascans): https://quixel.com/megascans/home?category=3D%20asset&category=industrial&assetId=tfxteboda
Concrete Rubble Pile (Quixel Megascans): https://quixel.com/megascans/home?category=3D%20asset&category=industrial&assetId=tgdtfg0da
Construction Rubble (Quixel Megascans): https://quixel.com/megascans/home?category=3D%20asset&category=industrial&assetId=riiuE
Construction Rubble (Quixel Megascans): https://quixel.com/megascans/home?category=3D%20asset&category=industrial&assetId=rifdr
Broken Wall (Quixel Megascans): https://quixel.com/megascans/home?category=3D%20asset&category=industrial&assetId=taqgH
Broken Wall (Quixel Megascans): https://quixel.com/megascans/home?category=3D%20asset&category=industrial&assetId=slvfI
Broken Wall (Quixel Megascans): https://quixel.com/megascans/home?category=3D%20asset&category=industrial&assetId=slumj
Broken Wall (Quixel Megascans): https://quixel.com/megascans/home?category=3D%20asset&category=industrial&assetId=slunl
Cement Rubble (Quixel Megascans): https://quixel.com/megascans/home?category=3D%20asset&category=industrial&assetId=rinet
Damaged Wall Structure (Quixel Megascans): https://quixel.com/megascans/home?category=3D%20asset&category=industrial&assetId=sftdP
Damaged Structure (Quixel Megascans): https://quixel.com/megascans/home?category=3D%20asset&category=industrial&assetId=sfosP
Cement Rubble (Quixel Megascans): https://quixel.com/megascans/home?category=3D%20asset&category=industrial&assetId=rkCty
Bricks Rubble (Quixel Megascans): https://quixel.com/megascans/home?category=3D%20asset&category=industrial&assetId=rirxx
Bricks Rubble (Quixel Megascans): https://quixel.com/megascans/home?category=3D%20asset&category=industrial&assetId=rijx0
Cement Rubble (Quixel Megascans): https://quixel.com/megascans/home?category=3D%20asset&category=industrial&assetId=riuvL
Bricks Rubble (Quixel Megascans): https://quixel.com/megascans/home?category=3D%20asset&category=industrial&assetId=rjgse
Bricks Rubble (Quixel Megascans): https://quixel.com/megascans/home?category=3D%20asset&category=industrial&assetId=rjdrD
Cement Rubble (Quixel Megascans): https://quixel.com/megascans/home?category=3D%20asset&category=industrial&assetId=rjgmQ
Concrete Rubble (Quixel Megascans): https://quixel.com/megascans/home?category=3D%20asset&category=industrial&assetId=rhlxZ
Rusty Spring (Quixel Megascans): https://quixel.com/megascans/home?category=3D%20asset&category=props&category=hardware&assetId=wcvocdh
Concrete Pipe (Quixel Megascans): https://quixel.com/megascans/home?category=3D%20asset&category=props&category=hardware&assetId=vilidio
Modular Stained Pillar Kit (Quixel Megascans): https://quixel.com/megascans/home?search=pillar&assetId=vl3nferdw
Modular Stained Pillar Kit (Quixel Megascans): https://quixel.com/megascans/home?search=pillar&assetId=vlwrderdw
Concrete Pipe (Quixel Megascans): https://quixel.com/megascans/home?category=3D%20asset&category=props&category=hardware&assetId=vilidaw
Concrete Pipe (Quixel Megascans): https://quixel.com/megascans/home?category=3D%20asset&category=props&category=hardware&assetId=vilidha
Modular Safety Rail Kit (Quixel Megascans): https://quixel.com/megascans/home?category=3D%20asset&category=props&category=hardware&assetId=xbtlehldw
Modular Rusty Barb Wire (Quixel Megascans): https://quixel.com/megascans/home?category=3D%20asset&category=props&category=hardware&assetId=wkniehndw
Electrical Boxes (Quixel Megascans): https://quixel.com/megascans/home?category=3D%20asset&category=props&category=hardware&assetId=vgyiedcaw
Fluorescent Ceiling Lamp (Quixel Megascans): https://quixel.com/megascans/home?category=3D%20asset&category=props&category=hardware&assetId=vgyidebaw
Rusty Metal Cabinet (Quixel Megascans): https://quixel.com/megascans/home?category=3D%20asset&category=props&category=hardware&assetId=vjhledeaw
Fluorescent Ceiling Lamp (Quixel Megascans): https://quixel.com/megascans/home?category=3D%20asset&category=props&category=hardware&assetId=vidrear
Metal Pendant Light (Quixel Megascans): https://quixel.com/megascans/home?category=3D%20asset&category=props&category=hardware&assetId=vgyide1aw
Rusty Bulkhead Light (Quixel Megascans): https://quixel.com/megascans/home?category=3D%20asset&category=props&category=hardware&assetId=vgyidfpaw
Metal Pendant Light (Quixel Megascans): https://quixel.com/megascans/home?category=3D%20asset&category=props&category=hardware&assetId=vgzledvaw
Wall Mounted Chain (Quixel Megascans): https://quixel.com/megascans/home?category=3D%20asset&category=props&category=hardware&assetId=uiziegbdw
Electrical Box (Quixel Megascans): https://quixel.com/megascans/home?category=3D%20asset&category=props&category=hardware&assetId=tdgecegda
Electrical Box (Quixel Megascans): https://quixel.com/megascans/home?category=3D%20asset&category=props&category=hardware&assetId=tdgtdedda
Rusty Metal Barrel (Quixel Megascans): https://quixel.com/megascans/home?category=3D%20asset&category=props&category=storage&assetId=vijnbjz
Other assets:
Rusty Folding Chairs (Sketchfab): https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/rusty-folding-chairs-636b1ae89d9449b8bcd670adbb7eb173
Plant Bush (Sketchfab): https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/plant-bush-42cb7fad10ba44ecbc9ae9cf5fdd63b6
Dead plant (Sketchfab): https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/dead-plant-9e38cb9d4ddb470391796a9525d56b5b
Construction rubble (Sketchfab): https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/construction-rubble-d5603cfcc8d0427a912520077dbda3b4
Fern 02 (Poly Haven): https://polyhaven.com/a/fern_02
Rock Moss Set 01 (Poly Haven): https://polyhaven.com/a/rock_moss_set_01
Rock Moss Set 02 (Poly Haven): https://polyhaven.com/a/rock_moss_set_02
Textures:
Crackling Paint On Plaster Wall (Adobe Substance 3D Assets): https://substance3d.adobe.com/assets/allassets/9730a94c0bbc12f4869176e1883cb41d5a7cdf8c?free=true&=rouge%20painting%20painted%20paint%20pigment%20key%20blusher%20paints&sort=-searchScore&u=paint
Heavy Cracked Concrete Sidewalk 01 (Adobe Substance 3D Assets): https://substance3d.adobe.com/assets/allassets/9d7f82eb93b8edaf01d34c14d3c1a1c4b26cb149?free=true&q=concreted%20concretes%20concreting%20concrete&sort=-searchScore&u=concrete
Not all of these resources were used in the final version of the project.